Climate monitoring Dr. Daniela Di Iorio University of Georgia

Dept. of Marine Sciences University of Georgia Athens Georgia 30602-3636 USA

daniela@uga.edu http://www.marsci.uga.edu/directory/daniela-di-iorio Dorset Hurley Sapelo Island National Estuarine Research Reserve

Sapelo Island National Estuarine Research Reserve Sapelo Island Georgia 31327 USA

dhurley@darientel.net http://www.sapelonerr.org/ Wade M. Sheldon University of Georgia

130 Marine Sciences Marine Sciences Building Athens Georgia 30602-3636 USA

sheldon@uga.edu https://gce-lter.marsci.uga.edu/bios/wsheldon https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9652-9678 Georgia Coastal Ecosystems LTER Project

Dept. of Marine Sciences University of Georgia Athens Georgia 30602-3636 USA

gcelter@uga.edu https://gce-lter.marsci.uga.edu/ Dr. Daniela Di Iorio University of Georgia

Dept. of Marine Sciences University of Georgia Athens Georgia 30602-3636 USA

daniela@uga.edu http://www.marsci.uga.edu/directory/daniela-di-iorio Principal investigator 2002-07-08 Dorset Hurley Sapelo Island National Estuarine Research Reserve

Sapelo Island National Estuarine Research Reserve Sapelo Island Georgia 31327 USA

dhurley@darientel.net http://www.sapelonerr.org/ Principal investigator 2002-07-08 Wade M. Sheldon University of Georgia

130 Marine Sciences Marine Sciences Building Athens Georgia 30602-3636 USA

sheldon@uga.edu https://gce-lter.marsci.uga.edu/bios/wsheldon https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9652-9678 Principal investigator 2002-07-08 Jane Garbisch University of Georgia Marine Institute

University of Georgia Marine Institute Sapelo Island Georgia 31327 USA

jgarbisch@aol.com Research technician 2002-07-08 2004-04-01 Patrick Hagan Sapelo Island National Estuarine Research Reserve

Sapelo Island National Estuarine Research Reserve P.O. Box 15 Sapelo Island Georgia 31327 USA

bluewatermotion@hotmail.com Research technician 2004-04-01 2026

We collect data from an array of geographically dispersed weather stations to characterize climatic conditions across the GCE LTER domain. We operate a comprehensive weather station at Marsh Landing on Sapelo Island in collaboration with the Sapelo Island National Estuarine Research Reserve (SINERR), which serves as our primary LTER meteorological station for inter-comparison studies and ClimDB. We also operate a weather station on the mainland at Meridian Landing in cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and SINERR. High frequency (15 minute) or hourly data from these two stations, respectively, are acquired in near real-time from NOAA (via GOES satellite uplink) and USGS (via microwave transmission) data servers. Long-term daily weather data from National Weather Service COOP stations operated at the UGA Marine Institute on Sapelo Island and in Brunswick, Baxley, Jesup and Glennville, Georgia are also regularly acquired to provide long-term regional records of temperature and precipitation.

The Marsh Landing weather station on western Sapelo Island is the primary station used to characterize real-time climatic conditions in the GCE domain. This station meets or exceeds Level 2 of the LTER meteorological observation standards for LTER sites. Instruments are deployed on a 10m aluminum tower attached to a concrete base to clear all nearby structures. Sensor readings are taken at 5 second intervals by a Campbell Scientific Instruments CR1000 data logger, and calcualted measurement values are logged on the CR1000 storage module at 15 minute intervals. Data tables are then transmitted hourly via TX312 GOES Satellite telemetry to the NOAA Hydrometeorological Automated Data System. Processed near-real-time weather data and plots are available on the GCE Data Portal web site, and on the LTER all-site climate database (ClimDB) web site. Variables measured include: air temperature relative humidity atmospheric (barometric) pressure wind speed (at 10m) wind direction (at 10m) precipitation photosynthetically available radiation (PAR) total solar radiation

The Meridian Landing/Hudson Creek station is located at the DNR ferry landing in Meridian, Georgia, near the Sapelo Island Visitors Center and within the GCE4 sampling area.  This station is jointly funded by the USGS, the GCE LTER project and the SINERR program, and is operated by USGS as a real-time water data station (ID: USGS 022035975). Data are provided to the GCE LTER program through a cooperative agreement with USGS, and processed near-real-time and historical data and plots are available to GCE participants and affiliates on the GCE Data Portal site. Variables measured include: wind speed wind direction air temperature relative humidity atmospheric (barometric) pressure precipitation

We use data collected by the National Weather Service Cooperative Observer program to provide long term records of climate observations across the region bounding the GCE study area. Daily summaries of air temperature (minimum, maximum, mean) and precipitation (total) are downloaded monthly from the NOAA National Climatic Data Center, processed, documented, and added to the GCE Data Portal. Data are currently harvested from the following stations: Sapelo Island (ID 097808, 1957-present) Brunswick (ID 091340, 1948-present) Glennville (ID 093754, 1904-present) Jesup (ID 094676, 1956-present) Baxley (ID 090670, 2004-present)

We also use data collected by the NOAA National Buoy Data Center Gray's Reef buoy (Station 41008) to provide a long term record of climate observations representing oceanic boundary conditions of the GCE study area. Data are acquired on demand from the NDBC database via the station web site: http://www.ndbc.noaa.gov/station_page.php?station=41008. Variables measured include: wind speed wind direction wind gust air temperature atmospheric pressure pressure tendency dew point wave height dominant wave period water temperature

Area 1: Drivers of Change (more information) Question 1: What are the long-term patterns of environmental forcing to the coastal zone? (more information)

humidity precipitation pressure radiation temperature wind LTER NSF Georgia Marsh Landing Sapelo Island GCE atmosphere climate meteorology monitoring weather Overall geographic extent of the research project -81.505000 -81.278834 31.463533 31.163000 2002-07-08

National Science Foundation grant numbers OCE-9982133 and OCE-0620959

estuary marsh complex Brunswick - Brunswick is a city on the coast of Georgia, and this study site near the Intracoastal Waterway contains long-term climatological monitoring equipment operated by the National Weather Service (COOP ID 091340). -81.505000 -81.495000 31.170000 31.163000 Meridian - Inland marsh and tidal creek site near Meridian, Georgia. The primary marsh site is to the south of the dock in front of the Sapelo Island Visitor Center. Some small creeks and one large creek (Hudson Creek) are present. Upland is heavily forested. Marsh to the north of the dock can be used for additional studies if larger areas are required. Upland to the North is being developed for residential use, so future access is uncertain. The USGS super station site (weather station plus multiple-sensor sonde) is deployed off the ferry dock. Salinity is similar to seawater because there is little freshwater input from the upland. -81.370752 -81.357256 31.463533 31.448419 Marsh Landing - Marsh landing, where the Georgia DNR ferry docks on its route between the mainland (Meridian) and Sapelo Island. -81.297445 -81.294606 31.418899 31.416399 UGA Marine Institute - The University of Georgia Marine Institute is located on the southern end of Sapelo Island, a barrier island off the central Georgia coast. -81.282950 -81.278834 31.398877 31.395295 Hudson_MET - USGS climate and hydrographic monitoring station on Hudson Creek at Meridian Landing (station 022035975) -81.362743 -81.362743 31.453559 31.453559 ML_MET - Climate monitoring station at Marsh Landing on Sapelo Island (UGAMI/SINERR) -81.295406 -81.295406 31.417845 31.417845 NWS_Brunswick - National Weather Service climate monitoring station in Brunswick, Georgia (NCDC COOP ID 091340) -81.502200 -81.502200 31.168100 31.168100 NWS_Sapelo - National Weather Service climate monitoring station at the UGA Marine Institute on Sapelo Island (NCDC COOP ID 097808) -81.280839 -81.280839 31.397916 31.397916 Narron, C., O'Connell, J.L., Mishra, D., Cotten, D.L., Hawman, P. and Mao, L. 2022. Flooding in Landsat across tidal systems (FLATS): An index for intermittent tidal filtering and frequency detection in salt marsh environments. Ecological Indicators. 141:109045. (DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2022.109045) http://gce-lter.marsci.uga.edu/public/uploads/1-s2.0-S1470160X22005167-main_20220708T200751.pdf Sheldon, J.E. and Burd, A.B. 2009. Presentation: An In-depth Look at Alternating Effects of Climate Signals on Freshwater Delivery to Coastal Georgia, U.S.A. Hydrologic Prediction in Estuaries and Coastal Ecosystems. CERF 2009: Estuaries and Coasts in a Changing World, November 1-5, 2009, Portland, OR. Sheldon, J.E. and Burd, A.B. 2007. Poster: Detecting climate signals in river discharge and precipitation data for the central Georgia coast. 2007 AERS/SEERS Meeting, March 15-17, 2007, Pine Knoll Shores, NC. http://gce-lter.marsci.uga.edu/public/files/pubs/JSheldon_SEERS_Poster_2007.ppt Sheldon, W.M. Jr. 2006. Mining and Integrating Data from ClimDB and USGS using the GCE Data Toolbox. In: DataBits: An electronic newsletter for Information Managers: Spring 2006. Long Term Ecological Research Network, Albuquerque, NM. https://lternet.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/DataBits_06spring.pdf GCE Data Portal - NWS Brunswick climate data http://gce-lter.marsci.uga.edu/portal/brunswick_climate.htm GCE Data Portal - Marsh Landing data http://gce-lter.marsci.uga.edu/portal/marshlanding.htm GCE Data Portal - UGA Marine Institute climate data http://gce-lter.marsci.uga.edu/portal/ugami_climate.htm GCE Data Portal - Hudson Creek/Meridian Landing data http://gce-lter.marsci.uga.edu/portal/usgs_hudson.htm MET-GCES-1701 - Long-term Climate data from the SINERR/GCE/UGAMI weather station at Marsh Landing on Sapelo Island, Georgia, from 03-Jan-2003 to 31-Dec-2019 https://gce-lter.marsci.uga.edu/public/app/dataset_details.asp?id=611 MET-GCEM-1810 - Climate data from the SINERR/GCE/UGAMI weather station at Marsh Landing on Sapelo Island, Georgia, from 01-Jan-2017 to 31-Dec-2017 https://gce-lter.marsci.uga.edu/public/app/dataset_details.asp?id=667 MET-GCEM-1701 - Climate data from the SINERR/GCE/UGAMI weather station at Marsh Landing on Sapelo Island, Georgia, from 01-Jan-2016 to 31-Dec-2016 https://gce-lter.marsci.uga.edu/public/app/dataset_details.asp?id=610 MET-GCEM-1609 - Climate data from the SINERR/GCE/UGAMI weather station at Marsh Landing on Sapelo Island, Georgia, from 01-Jan-2015 to 31-Dec-2015 https://gce-lter.marsci.uga.edu/public/app/dataset_details.asp?id=600 MET-GCEM-1501 - Climate data from the SINERR/GCE/UGAMI weather station at Marsh Landing on Sapelo Island, Georgia, from 01-Jan-2014 to 31-Dec-2014 https://gce-lter.marsci.uga.edu/public/app/dataset_details.asp?id=564 MET-GCEM-1401 - Climate data from the SINERR/GCE/UGAMI weather station at Marsh Landing on Sapelo Island, Georgia, from 01-Jan-2013 to 31-Dec-2013 https://gce-lter.marsci.uga.edu/public/app/dataset_details.asp?id=563 MET-GCEM-1301 - Climate data from the SINERR/GCE/UGAMI weather station at Marsh Landing on Sapelo Island, Georgia, from 01-Jan-2012 to 31-Dec-2012 https://gce-lter.marsci.uga.edu/public/app/dataset_details.asp?id=435 MET-GCEM-1201 - Climate data from the SINERR/GCE/UGAMI weather station at Marsh Landing on Sapelo Island, Georgia, from 01-Jan-2011 to 31-Dec-2011 https://gce-lter.marsci.uga.edu/public/app/dataset_details.asp?id=423 MET-GCEM-1101 - Climate data from the SINERR/GCE/UGAMI weather station at Marsh Landing on Sapelo Island, Georgia, from 01-Jan-2010 to 31-Dec-2010 https://gce-lter.marsci.uga.edu/public/app/dataset_details.asp?id=422 MET-GCEM-1001 - Climate data from the SINERR/GCE/UGAMI weather station at Marsh Landing on Sapelo Island, Georgia, from 01-Jan-2009 to 31-Dec-2009 https://gce-lter.marsci.uga.edu/public/app/dataset_details.asp?id=421 MET-GCEM-0901 - Climate data from the SINERR/GCE/UGAMI weather station at Marsh Landing on Sapelo Island, Georgia, from 01-Jan-2008 to 31-Dec-2008 https://gce-lter.marsci.uga.edu/public/app/dataset_details.asp?id=420 MET-GCEM-0801 - Climate data from the SINERR/GCE/UGAMI weather station at Marsh Landing on Sapelo Island, Georgia, from 01-Jan-2007 to 31-Dec-2007 https://gce-lter.marsci.uga.edu/public/app/dataset_details.asp?id=419 MET-GCEM-0701 - Climate data from the SINERR/GCE/UGAMI weather station at Marsh Landing on Sapelo Island, Georgia, from 01-Jan-2006 to 31-Dec-2006 https://gce-lter.marsci.uga.edu/public/app/dataset_details.asp?id=418 MET-GCEM-0601 - Climate data from the SINERR/GCE/UGAMI weather station at Marsh Landing on Sapelo Island, Georgia, from 01-Jan-2005 to 31-Dec-2005 https://gce-lter.marsci.uga.edu/public/app/dataset_details.asp?id=417 MET-GCES-0508a - Annual summaries of daily climatological observations from the National Weather Service weather station at the UGA Marine Institute on Sapelo Island, Georgia for 1958 to 2004 https://gce-lter.marsci.uga.edu/public/app/dataset_details.asp?id=246 MET-GCES-0508b - Annual summaries of daily climatological observations from the National Weather Service weather station at Brunswick, Georgia for 1915 to 2004 https://gce-lter.marsci.uga.edu/public/app/dataset_details.asp?id=247 MET-GCEM-0501 - Climate data from the SINERR/GCE/UGAMI weather station at Marsh Landing on Sapelo Island, Georgia, from 01-Jan-2004 to 31-Dec-2004 https://gce-lter.marsci.uga.edu/public/app/dataset_details.asp?id=416 MET-GCEM-0401 - Climate data from the SINERR/GCE/UGAMI weather station at Marsh Landing on Sapelo Island, Georgia, from 01-Jan-2003 to 31-Dec-2003 https://gce-lter.marsci.uga.edu/public/app/dataset_details.asp?id=415 MET-GCEM-0109 - Daily climatological observations from Sapelo Island, Georgia, from May 1957 through July 2001 https://gce-lter.marsci.uga.edu/public/app/dataset_details.asp?id=7 MET-GCEM-0108 - Daily climatological observations from Sapelo Island, Georgia, from June 1980 through June 2001 https://gce-lter.marsci.uga.edu/public/app/dataset_details.asp?id=5 Marsh Landing weather station photograph (courtesy of Wade Sheldon) http://gce-lter.marsci.uga.edu/public/images/marshlanding_weatherstation.jpg Hudson Creek hydrographic and weather station photograph (courtesy of Wade Sheldon) http://gce-lter.marsci.uga.edu/public/images/hudsoncreek_weatherstation.jpg NWS weather station at the UGA Marine Institute on Sapelo Island (courtesy of Darell Casey) http://gce-lter.marsci.uga.edu/public/images/UGAMI_weather.jpg NDBC Gray's Reef buoy photo (courtesy of NDBC) http://gce-lter.marsci.uga.edu/public/images/nbdc_41008.jpg Presentation: Sapelo on the world stage: role of the Georgia Coastal Ecosystems LTER in global environmental data networks https://gce-lter.marsci.uga.edu/public/app/resource_details.asp?id=315 Photograph: U.S.G.S. weather station and hydrographic data logger on Hudson Creek near Meridian, Georgia https://gce-lter.marsci.uga.edu/public/app/resource_details.asp?id=274 Photograph: Marsh Landing weather station tower on Sapelo Island, Georgia https://gce-lter.marsci.uga.edu/public/app/resource_details.asp?id=273 Photograph: Marsh Landing weather station tower on Sapelo Island, Georgia https://gce-lter.marsci.uga.edu/public/app/resource_details.asp?id=272