Eddy covariance flux tower Dr. Daniela Di Iorio University of Georgia

Dept. of Marine Sciences University of Georgia Athens Georgia 30602-3636 USA

daniela@uga.edu http://www.marsci.uga.edu/directory/daniela-di-iorio Georgia Coastal Ecosystems LTER Project

Dept. of Marine Sciences University of Georgia Athens Georgia 30602-3636 USA

gcelter@uga.edu https://gce-lter.marsci.uga.edu/ Dr. Daniela Di Iorio University of Georgia

Dept. of Marine Sciences University of Georgia Athens Georgia 30602-3636 USA

daniela@uga.edu http://www.marsci.uga.edu/directory/daniela-di-iorio Principal investigator 2012-11-01 Dr. Charles S. Hopkinson University of Georgia

229 Marine Sciences Bldg. University of Georgia Athens GA 30602-3636 United States

chopkins@uga.edu https://www.marsci.uga.edu/directory/people/charles-hopkinson https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7331-8322 Co-investigator 2012-11-01 Dr. Deepak Mishra University of Georgia

Department of Geography University of Georgia Athens Georgia 30602 USA

dmishra@uga.edu http://geography.uga.edu/directory/profile/mishra-deepak/ https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8192-7681 Co-investigator 2014-02-01 Dr. Merryl Alber University of Georgia

Dept. of Marine Sciences University of Georgia Athens Georgia 30602-3636 USA

malber@uga.edu https://marsci.uga.edu/directory/people/merryl-alber https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9467-4449 Co-investigator 2012-11-01 Dr. Monique Y. Leclerc University of Georgia

Georgia Experiment Station Crop and Soil Sciences University of Georgia Griffin Georgia 30223 USA

mleclerc@uga.edu http://www.cropsoil.uga.edu/personnel/faculty/leclerc.html https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8666-4400 Co-investigator 2012-11-01 Dr. Wei-Jun Cai University of Delaware

014 Lammot DuPont College of Earth, Ocean, and Environment University of Delaware Newark Delaware 19716 USA

wcai@udel.edu http://www.ceoe.udel.edu/our-people/profiles/wcai https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3606-8325 Co-investigator 2012-11-01 Dr. Jessica L. O'Connell Colorado State University

Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability Campus Delivery 1476 Colorado State University Fort Collins CO 80523-1476 USA

jessica.oconnell@colostate.edu https://www.landscapemodeling.net/ https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2814-0668 Post Doctoral Associate 2014-02-01 Dr. Gengsheng Zhang University of Georgia

Department of Crop and Soil Sciences Colleage of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences University of Georgia Griffin Georgia 30223 USA

zhang@uga.edu Post Doctoral Associate 2012-11-01 Jacob Shalack University of Georgia Marine Institute

University of Georgia Marine Institute Sapelo Island Georgia 31327 USA

shalack@uga.edu Research coordinator 2012-11-01 Emily Davenport University of Georgia

Department of Marine Sciences University of Georgia Athens Georgia 30602-3636 USA

davene@uga.edu Research technician 2012-11-01 Shiyu Wang University of Georgia

Department of Marine Sciences University of Georgia Athens Georgia 30602-3636 USA

sywang@uga.edu Graduate research assistant 2014-02-01 Wade M. Sheldon University of Georgia

130 Marine Sciences Marine Sciences Building Athens Georgia 30602-3636 USA

sheldon@uga.edu https://gce-lter.marsci.uga.edu/bios/wsheldon https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9652-9678 Information manager 2012-11-01 2026

The purpose of this research is to evaluate the exchange of gases between salt marshes and the atmosphere, in order to understand the role that these wetlands play in the carbon cycle, to be able to model water flow in the Duplin River, and to be in a position to predict the effects of future changes such as sea level rise. We will install an eddy covariance flux tower in a Spartina alterniflora dominated marsh at the head of a small creek off the Duplin River to study exchange of heat, water and carbon between the marsh and the atmosphere. Data collected from this instrumentation and research results obtained will also benefit the Sapelo Island National Estuarine Research Reserve (SINERR) in understanding climate change, sea level rise and marshland response. Communications and data transmission between the tower and a base station will be with license-free 900 MHz spread-spectrum radios with Yagi antennas. Radio transmission power is limited in the modems to comply with Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulations (<1W). The maximum range for transmission (line-of-site) is about 20 miles, but <0.5 mile if there are obstructions like trees. In transmission tests, we received strong signals from the interior marshes up the Duplin River to Marsh Landing (&#8804;5 miles). These tests have also shown that radio transmission to the UGA Marine Institute is not possible as the upland forest blocks the signals. Thus a base station will be set up at Marsh Landing where a data and communications server will be installed. An Internet line at Marsh Landing will then be used to send the data to UGA for processing and analysis.

Area 1: Drivers of Change (more information) Question 1: What are the long-term patterns of environmental forcing to the coastal zone? (more information)

creek marsh gas exchange heat flux pressure radiation temperature LTER NSF GCE plants Spartina atmospheric science Overall geographic extent of the research project -81.301987 -81.263124 31.486493 31.410854 2012-11-01

NSF LTER GCE III, flux tower

estuary marsh complex Duplin River - Duplin River transect used for GCE quarterly hydrographic monitoring surveys. Nominal profiling stations are defined at various locations along the Duplin River west of Sapelo Island, Georgia. -81.301987 -81.263124 31.486493 31.410854 Flux Tower - Flux tower deployment in a marsh off the Duplin River on Sapelo Island, Georgia -81.283461 -81.283461 31.444094 31.444094 Map (Google Earth KML/KMZ or map image) https://gce-lter.marsci.uga.edu/private/registration/files/Maps/GCE-37-2012_Maps_DiIorio_Flux_Tower.kmz

Duplin River, 31°26'38.56" N, 81°17'0.70"W, see attached permit application for further details

The eddy covariance flux tower is an advanced weather station that not only measures standard meteorological parameters but also carbon and water concentrations at fast sampling rates. Instrumentation on the tower will include two sonic anemometers and two closed-path infrared gas analyzers to measure the three-dimensional wind vector, air temperature, and concentrations of CO2 and H2O at two heights. Other instrumentation will include soil sensors (soil heat plates, an averaging thermocouple, a soil water content reflectometer, and a pressure transducer for water level), atmospheric sensors (humidity, temperature, pressure, rainfall), up and down looking radiation sensors (short wave, long wave and photosynthetically active radiation) and a digital camera to document the growth cycle of Spartina alterniflora. The tower will be powered by solar panels placed within 30 feet of the tower that recharge a bank of batteries housed on the flux tower platform.

Nahrawi, H.B., Leclerc, M.Y., Pennings, S.C., Zhang, G., Singh, N. and Pahari, R. 2020. Impact of tidal inundation on the net ecosystem exchange in daytime conditions in a salt marsh. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. 294:108133. (DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2020.108133) O'Connell, J. and Alber, M. 2016. A smart classifier for extracting environmental data from digital image time-series: Applications for PhenoCam data in a tidal salt marsh. Environmental Modelling & Software. 84:134-139. (DOI: 10.1016/j.envsoft.2016.06.025) http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364815216302729 MET-GCEM-2009 - Long-term Atmospheric, Soil and Water Sensor Data from the GCE-LTER Eddy Covariance Flux Tower on Sapelo Island, Georgia https://gce-lter.marsci.uga.edu/public/app/dataset_details.asp?id=725 MET-GCES-2010 - Long-term Meteorological Data from the GCE-LTER Eddy Covariance Flux Tower on Sapelo Island, Georgia https://gce-lter.marsci.uga.edu/public/app/dataset_details.asp?id=726 MSH-GCET-2006 - Eddy covariance 30-minute CO2 fluxes with accompanying biophysical variables from the GCE-LTER flux tower site from December 2018 to January 2020 https://gce-lter.marsci.uga.edu/public/app/dataset_details.asp?id=722 PLT-NASA-2006a - Leaf area index for Spartina alterniflora near the GCE-LTER Flux Tower in 2018 and 2019 https://gce-lter.marsci.uga.edu/public/app/dataset_details.asp?id=719 Army Corps of Engineers piling permit application https://gce-lter.marsci.uga.edu/private/registration/files/General/GCE-37-2012_General_AppendixB_2012_PCN_Form-DiIorio.pdf Georgia DNR CRD permit application https://gce-lter.marsci.uga.edu/private/registration/files/General/GCE-37-2012_General_scanned_flux_tower_permit.pdf Flux tower site photo (courtesy of Wade Sheldon) http://gce-lter.marsci.uga.edu/public/files/announcements/wsheldon_sapelo-20130911-1483-2_small.jpg Flux tower boardwald photo (courtesy of Wade Sheldon) http://gce-lter.marsci.uga.edu/public/files/announcements/wsheldon_sapelo-20130911-1490_small.jpg Other: Maintenance log for the GCE Flux Tower https://gce-lter.marsci.uga.edu/public/app/resource_details.asp?id=1012 Other: Maintenance log for the GCE Flux Tower https://gce-lter.marsci.uga.edu/public/app/resource_details.asp?id=1011