I. Data Set Descriptors A. Title: Wei-Jun Cai. 2005. Surface water DIC, total alkalinity, and pH for the September 2002 through December 2004 Georgia Coastal Ecosystems LTER oceanographic surveys. Georgia Coastal Ecosystems LTER Data Catalog (data set CHM-GCEM-0501; http://gce-lter.marsci.uga.edu/public/app/dataset_details.asp?accession=CHM-GCEM-0501) B. Accession Number: CHM-GCEM-0501 C. Description 1. Originator(s): Name: Wei-Jun Cai Address: Dept. of Marine Sciences University of Georgia Athens, Georgia 30602-3636 Country: USA Email: wcai@uga.edu 2. Abstract: Surface water samples for total dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), total alkalinity (TAlk), and pH were collected from the Altamaha River, Doboy Sound, Sapelo River and the Duplin River (anchor station near Marsh Landing) during the Georgia Coastal Ecosystems LTER oceanographic surveys from September 2002 through December 2004. DIC was measured using a custom automated DIC analyzer. Total alkalinity was determined by Gran titration. pH of surface water at stations was measured on board using a glass electrode. This study was part of the GCE oceanographic monitoring program, and will be repeated periodically. 3. Study Type: Monitoring 4. Study Themes: Chemistry 5. LTER Core Areas: Inorganic Nutrients 6. Georeferences: geographic coordinates as data columns 7. Submission Date: Jan 01, 2005 D. Keywords: alkalinity, carbon dioxide, dissolved inorganic carbon, GCE, Georgia, Georgia Coastal Ecosystems, Inorganic Nutrients, LTER, ph, salinity, Sapelo Island, USA, water column II. Research Origin Descriptors A. Overall Project Description 1. Project Title: Georgia Coastal Ecosystems LTER Project 2. Principal Investigators: Name: James T. Hollibaugh Address: Dept. of Marine Sciences University of Georgia Athens, Georgia 30602-3636 Country: USA Email: aquadoc@uga.edu 3. Funding Period: May 01, 2000 to May 01, 2006 4. Objectives: To investigate the linkages between coastal and distant upland areas in central Georgia mediated by surface and ground water delivery to the coastal zone. This will be addressed by examining the relationship between variability in environmental factors driven by river flow, primarily salinity, and ecosystem processes and structure. 5. Abstract: We propose to establish a Long Term Ecological Research site on the central Georgia coast in the vicinity of Sapelo Island. This is a barrier island and marsh complex with the Altamaha River, one of the largest and least developed rivers on the east coast of the US, as the primary source of fresh water. The proposed study would investigate the linkages between local and distant upland areas mediated by water - surface water and ground water - delivery to the coastal zone. We would explicitly examine the relationship between variability in environmental factors driven by river flow, primarily salinity because we can measure it at high frequency, and ecosystem processes and structure. We will accomplish this by comparing estuary/marsh complexes separated from the Altamaha River by one or two lagoonal estuary/marsh complexes that damp and attenuate the river signal. This spatial gradient is analogous to the temporal trend in riverine influence expected as a result of development in the watershed. We will implement a monitoring system that documents physical and biological variables and use the time trends and spatial distributions of these variables and of their variance structure to address questions about the factors controlling distributions, trophic structure, diversity, and biogeochemistry. An existing GIS-based hydrologic model will be modified to incorporate changes in river water resulting from changes in land use patterns that can be expected as the watershed develops. This model will be linked to ecosystem models and will serve as an heuristic and management tool. Another consequence of coastal development is that as river flow decreases, groundwater flow increases and becomes nutrified. We will compare the effects of ground water discharge from the surficial aquifer in relatively pristine (Sapelo Island) versus more urbanized (mainland) sites to assess the relative importance of fresh water versus nutrients to productivity, structure and biomass turnover rate in marshes influenced by groundwater. We will also investigate the effect of marine processes (tides, storm surge) on mixing across the fresh/salt interface in the surficial aquifer. Additional physical studies will relate the morphology of salt marsh - tidal creek channel complexes to tidal current distributions and exchange. These findings will be incorporated into a physical model that will be coupled to an existing ecosystem model. The land/ocean margin ecosystem lies at the interface between two ecosystems in which distinctly different groups of decomposers control organic matter degradation. The terrestrial ecosystem is largely dominated by fungal decomposers, while bacterial decomposers dominate the marine ecosystem. Both groups are important in salt marsh-dominated ecosystems. Specific studies will examine, at the level of individual cells and hyphae, the relationship bacteria and fungi in the consortia that decompose standing dead Spartina and other marsh plants and examine how, or if, this changes along the salinity gradient. 6. Funding Source: NSF OCE 9982133 B. Sub-project Description 1. Site Description a. Geographic Location: GCE-SP -- Sapelo River, Georgia, USA GCE-DB -- Doboy Sound, Georgia, USA GCE-AL -- Altamaha River, Georgia, USA AL+00 -- AL+00 AL+02 -- AL+02 AL+04 -- AL+04 AL+06 -- AL+06 AL+08 -- AL+08 AL+10 -- AL+10 AL+12 -- AL+12 AL+14 -- AL+14 AL+16 -- AL+16 AL+18 -- AL+18 AL+20 -- AL+20 AL+22 -- AL+22 AL+24 -- AL+24 AL-02 -- AL-02 AL-04 -- AL-04 DB+00 -- DB+00 DB+02 -- DB+02 DB+04 -- DB+04 DB+06 -- DB+06 DB+08 -- DB+08 DB+10 -- DB+10 DB+12 -- DB+12 DB+12.6 -- DB+12.6 DB-02 -- DB-02 DUP1 -- Duplin River station 1 (Marsh Landing) DUP2 -- Duplin River station 2 (Little Sapelo Island) DUP3 -- Duplin River station 3 (Barn Creek) DUP4 -- Duplin River station 4 (Lumber Landing) DUP5 -- Duplin River station 5 (Hunt Camp) SP+00 -- SP+00 SP+03 -- SP+03 SP+06 -- SP+06 SP+09 -- SP+09 SP+12 -- SP+12 SP+15 -- SP+15 SP+18 -- SP+18 SP+21 -- SP+21 SP+25 -- SP+25 SP+28 -- SP+28 SP+32 -- SP+32 SP+36 -- SP+36 Coordinates: GCE-SP -- NW: 081 25 55.13 W, 31 33 34.66 N NE: 081 09 14.84 W, 31 33 34.66 N SE: 081 09 14.84 W, 31 30 59.89 N SW: 081 25 55.13 W, 31 30 59.89 N GCE-DB -- NW: 081 22 05.66 W, 31 27 20.39 N NE: 081 14 34.64 W, 31 27 20.39 N SE: 081 14 34.64 W, 31 20 27.39 N SW: 081 22 05.66 W, 31 20 27.39 N GCE-AL -- NW: 081 34 56.32 W, 31 24 05.05 N NE: 081 14 16.57 W, 31 24 05.05 N SE: 081 14 16.57 W, 31 17 45.72 N SW: 081 34 56.32 W, 31 17 45.72 N AL+00 -- 081 17 09.0 W, 31 19 06.0 N AL+02 -- 081 18 24.0 W, 31 19 15.0 N AL+04 -- 081 19 39.0 W, 31 19 12.0 N AL+06 -- 081 20 48.0 W, 31 18 48.0 N AL+08 -- 081 22 03.0 W, 31 19 12.0 N AL+10 -- 081 23 15.0 W, 31 18 57.0 N AL+12 -- 081 24 03.0 W, 31 18 21.0 N AL+14 -- 081 24 54.0 W, 31 18 24.0 N AL+16 -- 081 25 54.0 W, 31 18 42.0 N AL+18 -- 081 26 06.0 W, 31 19 42.6 N AL+20 -- 081 27 09.0 W, 31 19 36.0 N AL+22 -- 081 27 54.0 W, 31 20 06.0 N AL+24 -- 081 28 30.0 W, 31 20 12.0 N AL-02 -- 081 15 55.2 W, 31 18 50.4 N AL-04 -- 081 14 36.0 W, 31 18 42.0 N DB+00 -- 081 16 54.2 W, 31 22 34.9 N DB+02 -- 081 17 56.0 W, 31 23 10.2 N DB+04 -- 081 18 19.6 W, 31 24 11.8 N DB+06 -- 081 18 56.3 W, 31 25 08.3 N DB+08 -- 081 19 46.4 W, 31 25 56.6 N DB+10 -- 081 20 26.8 W, 31 26 49.9 N DB+12 -- 081 21 23.9 W, 31 27 04.0 N DB+12.6 -- 081 21 42.5 W, 31 27 12.4 N DB-02 -- 081 15 43.0 W, 31 22 12.1 N DUP1 -- 081 17 45.0 W, 31 25 14.0 N DUP2 -- 081 17 40.0 W, 31 25 55.0 N DUP3 -- 081 17 13.0 W, 31 26 37.0 N DUP4 -- 081 16 33.0 W, 31 27 42.0 N DUP5 -- 081 16 25.0 W, 31 28 46.0 N SP+00 -- 081 10 36.7 W, 31 32 16.0 N SP+03 -- 081 12 28.3 W, 31 32 33.5 N SP+06 -- 081 14 22.2 W, 31 32 33.5 N SP+09 -- 081 16 09.3 W, 31 32 08.0 N SP+12 -- 081 17 57.6 W, 31 32 03.8 N SP+15 -- 081 19 35.0 W, 31 32 50.9 N SP+18 -- 081 20 50.5 W, 31 32 03.0 N SP+21 -- 081 21 37.8 W, 31 32 49.8 N SP+25 -- 081 22 34.7 W, 31 31 47.6 N SP+28 -- 081 23 10.9 W, 31 31 28.7 N SP+32 -- 081 24 18.5 W, 31 32 22.1 N SP+36 -- 081 25 24.6 W, 31 32 12.9 N b. Physiographic Region: GCE-SP -- Estuary and tidal marsh GCE-DB -- Estuary and tidal marsh GCE-AL -- Estuary and tidal marsh AL+00 -- Estuary and tidal marsh AL+02 -- Estuary and tidal marsh AL+04 -- Estuary and tidal marsh AL+06 -- Estuary and tidal marsh AL+08 -- Estuary and tidal marsh AL+10 -- Estuary and tidal marsh AL+12 -- Estuary and tidal marsh AL+14 -- Estuary and tidal marsh AL+16 -- Estuary and tidal marsh AL+18 -- Estuary and tidal marsh AL+20 -- Estuary and tidal marsh AL+22 -- Estuary and tidal marsh AL+24 -- Estuary and tidal marsh AL-02 -- Estuary and tidal marsh AL-04 -- Estuary and tidal marsh DB+00 -- Estuary and tidal marsh DB+02 -- Estuary and tidal marsh DB+04 -- Estuary and tidal marsh DB+06 -- Estuary and tidal marsh DB+08 -- Estuary and tidal marsh DB+10 -- Estuary and tidal marsh DB+12 -- Estuary and tidal marsh DB+12.6 -- Estuary and tidal marsh DB-02 -- Estuary and tidal marsh DUP1 -- Myxohaline tidal creek and marsh DUP2 -- Myxohaline tidal creek and marsh DUP3 -- Myxohaline tidal creek and marsh DUP4 -- Myxohaline tidal creek and marsh DUP5 -- Myxohaline tidal creek and marsh SP+00 -- Estuary and tidal marsh SP+03 -- Estuary and tidal marsh SP+06 -- Estuary and tidal marsh SP+09 -- Estuary and tidal marsh SP+12 -- Estuary and tidal marsh SP+15 -- Estuary and tidal marsh SP+18 -- Estuary and tidal marsh SP+21 -- Estuary and tidal marsh SP+25 -- Estuary and tidal marsh SP+28 -- Estuary and tidal marsh SP+32 -- Estuary and tidal marsh SP+36 -- Estuary and tidal marsh c. Landform Components: GCE-SP -- Intertidal marsh bordering sounds, tidal channels and creeks GCE-DB -- Intertidal marsh bordering sounds, tidal channels and creeks GCE-AL -- Intertidal marsh bordering sounds, tidal channels and creeks AL+00 -- Intertidal marsh bordering sounds, tidal channels and creeks AL+02 -- Intertidal marsh bordering sounds, tidal channels and creeks AL+04 -- Intertidal marsh bordering sounds, tidal channels and creeks AL+06 -- Intertidal marsh bordering sounds, tidal channels and creeks AL+08 -- Intertidal marsh bordering sounds, tidal channels and creeks AL+10 -- Intertidal marsh bordering sounds, tidal channels and creeks AL+12 -- Intertidal marsh bordering sounds, tidal channels and creeks AL+14 -- Intertidal marsh bordering sounds, tidal channels and creeks AL+16 -- Intertidal marsh bordering sounds, tidal channels and creeks AL+18 -- Intertidal marsh bordering sounds, tidal channels and creeks AL+20 -- Intertidal marsh bordering sounds, tidal channels and creeks AL+22 -- Intertidal marsh bordering sounds, tidal channels and creeks AL+24 -- Intertidal marsh bordering sounds, tidal channels and creeks AL-02 -- Intertidal marsh bordering sounds, tidal channels and creeks AL-04 -- Intertidal marsh bordering sounds, tidal channels and creeks DB+00 -- Intertidal marsh bordering sounds, tidal channels and creeks DB+02 -- Intertidal marsh bordering sounds, tidal channels and creeks DB+04 -- Intertidal marsh bordering sounds, tidal channels and creeks DB+06 -- Intertidal marsh bordering sounds, tidal channels and creeks DB+08 -- Intertidal marsh bordering sounds, tidal channels and creeks DB+10 -- Intertidal marsh bordering sounds, tidal channels and creeks DB+12 -- Intertidal marsh bordering sounds, tidal channels and creeks DB+12.6 -- Intertidal marsh bordering sounds, tidal channels and creeks DB-02 -- Intertidal marsh bordering sounds, tidal channels and creeks DUP1 -- Intertidal marsh bordering tidal channels and creeks DUP2 -- Intertidal marsh bordering tidal channels and creeks DUP3 -- Intertidal marsh bordering tidal channels and creeks DUP4 -- Intertidal marsh bordering tidal channels and creeks DUP5 -- Intertidal marsh bordering tidal channels and creeks SP+00 -- Intertidal marsh bordering sounds, tidal channels and creeks SP+03 -- Intertidal marsh bordering sounds, tidal channels and creeks SP+06 -- Intertidal marsh bordering sounds, tidal channels and creeks SP+09 -- Intertidal marsh bordering sounds, tidal channels and creeks SP+12 -- Intertidal marsh bordering sounds, tidal channels and creeks SP+15 -- Intertidal marsh bordering sounds, tidal channels and creeks SP+18 -- Intertidal marsh bordering sounds, tidal channels and creeks SP+21 -- Intertidal marsh bordering sounds, tidal channels and creeks SP+25 -- Intertidal marsh bordering sounds, tidal channels and creeks SP+28 -- Intertidal marsh bordering sounds, tidal channels and creeks SP+32 -- Intertidal marsh bordering sounds, tidal channels and creeks SP+36 -- Intertidal marsh bordering sounds, tidal channels and creeks d. Hydrographic Characteristics: GCE-SP -- Site includes the Sapelo River and Sapelo Sound, and is subject to 2-3.4m semi-diurnal tides. Sapelo Sound is a lagunal estuary system, with minimal freshwater stream or river input. GCE-DB -- Site encompasses Doboy Sound and nearby tidal channels and creeks, and is subject to 2-3.4m semi-diurnal tides. GCE-AL -- Site encompasses the Altamaha River estuary and nearby tidal creeks, and is subject to 2-3.4m semi-diurnal tides. High freshwater input from the Altamaha River, one of the largest rivers in the Southeastern United States. AL+00 -- Site encompasses the Altamaha River estuary and nearby tidal creeks, and is subject to 2-3.4m semi-diurnal tides. High freshwater input from the Altamaha River, one of the largest rivers in the Southeastern United States. AL+02 -- Site encompasses the Altamaha River estuary and nearby tidal creeks, and is subject to 2-3.4m semi-diurnal tides. High freshwater input from the Altamaha River, one of the largest rivers in the Southeastern United States. AL+04 -- Site encompasses the Altamaha River estuary and nearby tidal creeks, and is subject to 2-3.4m semi-diurnal tides. High freshwater input from the Altamaha River, one of the largest rivers in the Southeastern United States. AL+06 -- Site encompasses the Altamaha River estuary and nearby tidal creeks, and is subject to 2-3.4m semi-diurnal tides. High freshwater input from the Altamaha River, one of the largest rivers in the Southeastern United States. AL+08 -- Site encompasses the Altamaha River estuary and nearby tidal creeks, and is subject to 2-3.4m semi-diurnal tides. High freshwater input from the Altamaha River, one of the largest rivers in the Southeastern United States. AL+10 -- Site encompasses the Altamaha River estuary and nearby tidal creeks, and is subject to 2-3.4m semi-diurnal tides. High freshwater input from the Altamaha River, one of the largest rivers in the Southeastern United States. AL+12 -- Site encompasses the Altamaha River estuary and nearby tidal creeks, and is subject to 2-3.4m semi-diurnal tides. High freshwater input from the Altamaha River, one of the largest rivers in the Southeastern United States. AL+14 -- Site encompasses the Altamaha River estuary and nearby tidal creeks, and is subject to 2-3.4m semi-diurnal tides. High freshwater input from the Altamaha River, one of the largest rivers in the Southeastern United States. AL+16 -- Site encompasses the Altamaha River estuary and nearby tidal creeks, and is subject to 2-3.4m semi-diurnal tides. High freshwater input from the Altamaha River, one of the largest rivers in the Southeastern United States. AL+18 -- Site encompasses the Altamaha River estuary and nearby tidal creeks, and is subject to 2-3.4m semi-diurnal tides. High freshwater input from the Altamaha River, one of the largest rivers in the Southeastern United States. AL+20 -- Site encompasses the Altamaha River estuary and nearby tidal creeks, and is subject to 2-3.4m semi-diurnal tides. High freshwater input from the Altamaha River, one of the largest rivers in the Southeastern United States. AL+22 -- Site encompasses the Altamaha River estuary and nearby tidal creeks, and is subject to 2-3.4m semi-diurnal tides. High freshwater input from the Altamaha River, one of the largest rivers in the Southeastern United States. AL+24 -- Site encompasses the Altamaha River estuary and nearby tidal creeks, and is subject to 2-3.4m semi-diurnal tides. High freshwater input from the Altamaha River, one of the largest rivers in the Southeastern United States. AL-02 -- Site encompasses the Altamaha River estuary and nearby tidal creeks, and is subject to 2-3.4m semi-diurnal tides. High freshwater input from the Altamaha River, one of the largest rivers in the Southeastern United States. AL-04 -- Site encompasses the Altamaha River estuary and nearby tidal creeks, and is subject to 2-3.4m semi-diurnal tides. High freshwater input from the Altamaha River, one of the largest rivers in the Southeastern United States. DB+00 -- Site encompasses Doboy Sound and nearby tidal channels and creeks, and is subject to 2-3.4m semi-diurnal tides. DB+02 -- Site encompasses Doboy Sound and nearby tidal channels and creeks, and is subject to 2-3.4m semi-diurnal tides. DB+04 -- Site encompasses Doboy Sound and nearby tidal channels and creeks, and is subject to 2-3.4m semi-diurnal tides. DB+06 -- Site encompasses Doboy Sound and nearby tidal channels and creeks, and is subject to 2-3.4m semi-diurnal tides. DB+08 -- Site encompasses Doboy Sound and nearby tidal channels and creeks, and is subject to 2-3.4m semi-diurnal tides. DB+10 -- Site encompasses Doboy Sound and nearby tidal channels and creeks, and is subject to 2-3.4m semi-diurnal tides. DB+12 -- Site encompasses Doboy Sound and nearby tidal channels and creeks, and is subject to 2-3.4m semi-diurnal tides. DB+12.6 -- Site encompasses Doboy Sound and nearby tidal channels and creeks, and is subject to 2-3.4m semi-diurnal tides. DB-02 -- Site encompasses Doboy Sound and nearby tidal channels and creeks, and is subject to 2-3.4m semi-diurnal tides. DUP1 -- Site includes the Duplin River and various smaller tidal creeks and channels DUP2 -- Site includes the Duplin River and various smaller tidal creeks and channels DUP3 -- Site includes the Duplin River and various smaller tidal creeks and channels DUP4 -- Site includes the Duplin River and various smaller tidal creeks and channels DUP5 -- Site includes the Duplin River and various smaller tidal creeks and channels SP+00 -- Site includes the Sapelo River and Sapelo Sound, and is subject to 2-3.4m semi-diurnal tides. Sapelo Sound is a lagunal estuary system, with minimal freshwater stream or river input. SP+03 -- Site includes the Sapelo River and Sapelo Sound, and is subject to 2-3.4m semi-diurnal tides. Sapelo Sound is a lagunal estuary system, with minimal freshwater stream or river input. SP+06 -- Site includes the Sapelo River and Sapelo Sound, and is subject to 2-3.4m semi-diurnal tides. Sapelo Sound is a lagunal estuary system, with minimal freshwater stream or river input. SP+09 -- Site includes the Sapelo River and Sapelo Sound, and is subject to 2-3.4m semi-diurnal tides. Sapelo Sound is a lagunal estuary system, with minimal freshwater stream or river input. SP+12 -- Site includes the Sapelo River and Sapelo Sound, and is subject to 2-3.4m semi-diurnal tides. Sapelo Sound is a lagunal estuary system, with minimal freshwater stream or river input. SP+15 -- Site includes the Sapelo River and Sapelo Sound, and is subject to 2-3.4m semi-diurnal tides. Sapelo Sound is a lagunal estuary system, with minimal freshwater stream or river input. SP+18 -- Site includes the Sapelo River and Sapelo Sound, and is subject to 2-3.4m semi-diurnal tides. Sapelo Sound is a lagunal estuary system, with minimal freshwater stream or river input. SP+21 -- Site includes the Sapelo River and Sapelo Sound, and is subject to 2-3.4m semi-diurnal tides. Sapelo Sound is a lagunal estuary system, with minimal freshwater stream or river input. SP+25 -- Site includes the Sapelo River and Sapelo Sound, and is subject to 2-3.4m semi-diurnal tides. Sapelo Sound is a lagunal estuary system, with minimal freshwater stream or river input. SP+28 -- Site includes the Sapelo River and Sapelo Sound, and is subject to 2-3.4m semi-diurnal tides. Sapelo Sound is a lagunal estuary system, with minimal freshwater stream or river input. SP+32 -- Site includes the Sapelo River and Sapelo Sound, and is subject to 2-3.4m semi-diurnal tides. Sapelo Sound is a lagunal estuary system, with minimal freshwater stream or river input. SP+36 -- Site includes the Sapelo River and Sapelo Sound, and is subject to 2-3.4m semi-diurnal tides. Sapelo Sound is a lagunal estuary system, with minimal freshwater stream or river input. e. Topographic Attributes: GCE-SP -- Flat, with elevations ranging from 0-3.4m above mean low tide GCE-DB -- Flat, with elevations ranging from 0-3.4m above mean low tide GCE-AL -- Flat, with elevations ranging from 0-3.4m above mean low tide AL+00 -- Flat, with elevations ranging from 0-3.4m above mean low tide AL+02 -- Flat, with elevations ranging from 0-3.4m above mean low tide AL+04 -- Flat, with elevations ranging from 0-3.4m above mean low tide AL+06 -- Flat, with elevations ranging from 0-3.4m above mean low tide AL+08 -- Flat, with elevations ranging from 0-3.4m above mean low tide AL+10 -- Flat, with elevations ranging from 0-3.4m above mean low tide AL+12 -- Flat, with elevations ranging from 0-3.4m above mean low tide AL+14 -- Flat, with elevations ranging from 0-3.4m above mean low tide AL+16 -- Flat, with elevations ranging from 0-3.4m above mean low tide AL+18 -- Flat, with elevations ranging from 0-3.4m above mean low tide AL+20 -- Flat, with elevations ranging from 0-3.4m above mean low tide AL+22 -- Flat, with elevations ranging from 0-3.4m above mean low tide AL+24 -- Flat, with elevations ranging from 0-3.4m above mean low tide AL-02 -- Flat, with elevations ranging from 0-3.4m above mean low tide AL-04 -- Flat, with elevations ranging from 0-3.4m above mean low tide DB+00 -- Flat, with elevations ranging from 0-3.4m above mean low tide DB+02 -- Flat, with elevations ranging from 0-3.4m above mean low tide DB+04 -- Flat, with elevations ranging from 0-3.4m above mean low tide DB+06 -- Flat, with elevations ranging from 0-3.4m above mean low tide DB+08 -- Flat, with elevations ranging from 0-3.4m above mean low tide DB+10 -- Flat, with elevations ranging from 0-3.4m above mean low tide DB+12 -- Flat, with elevations ranging from 0-3.4m above mean low tide DB+12.6 -- Flat, with elevations ranging from 0-3.4m above mean low tide DB-02 -- Flat, with elevations ranging from 0-3.4m above mean low tide DUP1 -- Flat, with elevations ranging from 0-3.4m above mean low tide DUP2 -- Flat, with elevations ranging from 0-3.4m above mean low tide DUP3 -- Flat, with elevations ranging from 0-3.4m above mean low tide DUP4 -- Flat, with elevations ranging from 0-3.4m above mean low tide DUP5 -- Flat, with elevations ranging from 0-3.4m above mean low tide SP+00 -- Flat, with elevations ranging from 0-3.4m above mean low tide SP+03 -- Flat, with elevations ranging from 0-3.4m above mean low tide SP+06 -- Flat, with elevations ranging from 0-3.4m above mean low tide SP+09 -- Flat, with elevations ranging from 0-3.4m above mean low tide SP+12 -- Flat, with elevations ranging from 0-3.4m above mean low tide SP+15 -- Flat, with elevations ranging from 0-3.4m above mean low tide SP+18 -- Flat, with elevations ranging from 0-3.4m above mean low tide SP+21 -- Flat, with elevations ranging from 0-3.4m above mean low tide SP+25 -- Flat, with elevations ranging from 0-3.4m above mean low tide SP+28 -- Flat, with elevations ranging from 0-3.4m above mean low tide SP+32 -- Flat, with elevations ranging from 0-3.4m above mean low tide SP+36 -- Flat, with elevations ranging from 0-3.4m above mean low tide f. Geology, Lithology and Soils: GCE-SP -- unspecified GCE-DB -- unspecified GCE-AL -- unspecified AL+00 -- unspecified AL+02 -- unspecified AL+04 -- unspecified AL+06 -- unspecified AL+08 -- unspecified AL+10 -- unspecified AL+12 -- unspecified AL+14 -- unspecified AL+16 -- unspecified AL+18 -- unspecified AL+20 -- unspecified AL+22 -- unspecified AL+24 -- unspecified AL-02 -- unspecified AL-04 -- unspecified DB+00 -- unspecified DB+02 -- unspecified DB+04 -- unspecified DB+06 -- unspecified DB+08 -- unspecified DB+10 -- unspecified DB+12 -- unspecified DB+12.6 -- unspecified DB-02 -- unspecified DUP1 -- unspecified DUP2 -- unspecified DUP3 -- unspecified DUP4 -- unspecified DUP5 -- unspecified SP+00 -- unspecified SP+03 -- unspecified SP+06 -- unspecified SP+09 -- unspecified SP+12 -- unspecified SP+15 -- unspecified SP+18 -- unspecified SP+21 -- unspecified SP+25 -- unspecified SP+28 -- unspecified SP+32 -- unspecified SP+36 -- unspecified g. Vegetation Communities: GCE-SP -- unspecified GCE-DB -- unspecified GCE-AL -- unspecified AL+00 -- unspecified AL+02 -- unspecified AL+04 -- unspecified AL+06 -- unspecified AL+08 -- unspecified AL+10 -- unspecified AL+12 -- unspecified AL+14 -- unspecified AL+16 -- unspecified AL+18 -- unspecified AL+20 -- unspecified AL+22 -- unspecified AL+24 -- unspecified AL-02 -- unspecified AL-04 -- unspecified DB+00 -- unspecified DB+02 -- unspecified DB+04 -- unspecified DB+06 -- unspecified DB+08 -- unspecified DB+10 -- unspecified DB+12 -- unspecified DB+12.6 -- unspecified DB-02 -- unspecified DUP1 -- unspecified DUP2 -- unspecified DUP3 -- unspecified DUP4 -- unspecified DUP5 -- unspecified SP+00 -- unspecified SP+03 -- unspecified SP+06 -- unspecified SP+09 -- unspecified SP+12 -- unspecified SP+15 -- unspecified SP+18 -- unspecified SP+21 -- unspecified SP+25 -- unspecified SP+28 -- unspecified SP+32 -- unspecified SP+36 -- unspecified h. History of Land Use and Disturbance: none recorded i. Climate: Climate summary for Sapelo Island, Georgia, based on NWS data from 1980-2010: Daily-aggregated Values: Mean (sample standard deviation) mean air temperature: 20.09°C (7.28°C) minimum air temperature: 15.02°C (7.96°C) maximum air temperature: 24.82°C (6.98°C) total precipitation: 3.26mm (10.3mm) Yearly-aggregated Daily Values: Mean (sample standard deviation) total precipitation (1980-2010): 1124mm (266mm) 2. Experimental or Sampling Design a. Design Characteristics: Surveys for each river or sound were conducted during high and/or low waters of the tide. Surface water was either pumped on board or collected through Niskin bottles for sampling. b. Permanent Plots: none c. Data Collection Duration and Frequency: DIC and total alkalinity samples were taken in 125 ml acid-cleaned glass bottles, and 10 µl of saturated HgCl2 solution was added for preservation. The sampling bottles for DIC and TAlk were allowed to overflow for at least twice their volumes to allow minimal contact of water with the air. These samples were stored at 7°C until laboratory analysis within 1-3 weeks. pH samples were collected in a 50 ml plastic or glass syringe for immediate measurement. Beginning of Observations: Sep 16, 2002 End of Observations: Dec 06, 2004 3. Research Methods a. Field and Laboratory Methods: Method 1: DIC Analysis -- DIC was measured through an automated DIC analyzer developed by Cais group. The system was calibrated using certified reference material (CRM) from A. G. Dickson of Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA. The system used small-volume (0.1-1.0 ml) samples, and had rapid (less than 5 minutes per analysis) measuring time with a precision of 0.1 – 0.15%. The system consisted of a non-dispersive infrared CO2 analyzer (Li-Cor 6252), a precision digital syringe pump, a gas flow controller, and a CO2 stripping reactor. The syringe pump was used to pump the sample (normally 0.5 ml) and acid (1 ml of 10% H3PO4) into the reactor. CO2 was released from acidified samples in the reactor and was subsequently measured by the infrared CO2 analyzer. Finally, DIC was calculated by integrating the area under the CO2 curve over time (< 2 mins) in the CO2 analyzer. The entire procedure was controlled by a computer. Method 2: Total Alkalinity Titration -- Total alkalinity (TAlk) was determined in a 50-ml sample by Gran titration (Gran, 1952) to an endpoint pH of 3.2 using HCl solution. The titrations were carried out by an automatic device using a Kloehn digital syringe and drive modules. The HCl standard solution was calibrated with CRM. The precision of the titration was 0.1-0.15%. The results reported in µmol/kg instead of µeq/kg, which one may read as µmol HCl used for titration of 1 kg of sample solution. Method 3: pH Measurement -- pH was measured at a constant temperature (25°C) using a flow cell and a Ross glass pH electrode. The calibration was conducted using standard buffer solutions (pH = 4, 7, 10) with NBS scale. The relative accuracy of pH measurement was 0.01 pH unit. b. Instrumentation: Method 1: Automated DIC Analyzer Parameter: Total dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) (Accuracy: 0.1-0.15%, Range: 100 to 10000 µmol/kg) Protocol: The system is calibrated before and after each measurement using certified reference material (CRM) from A. G. Dickson of Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA. Method 2: none Method 3: pH Electrode Manufacturer: Orion Research, Inc. (Model: 8103) Parameter: pH (Accuracy: 0.01 pH unit, Readability: 0.001 pH unit, Range: 0 to 14 pH units) Protocol: Meter is calibrated before and after each measurement. c. Taxonomy and Systematics: Method 1: not applicable Method 2: not applicable Method 3: not applicable d. Speclies List: e. Permit History: Method 1: not applicable Method 2: not applicable Method 3: not applicable 4. Project Personnel a. Personnel: 1: Wei-Jun Cai 2: Yongchen Wang 3: Zhaohui Wang b. Affiliations: 1: University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 2: University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 3: University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia III. Data Set Status and Accessibility A. Status 1. Latest Update: 05-Feb-2015 2. Latest Archive Date: 05-Feb-2015 3. Latest Metadata Update: 05-Feb-2015 4. Data Verification Status: New Submission B. Accessibility 1. Storage Location and Medium: Stored at GCE-LTER Data Management Office Dept. of Marine Sciences Univ. of Georgia Athens, GA 30602-3636 USA on media: electronic data download (WWW) or compact disk 2. Contact Person: Name: Wade M. Sheldon, Jr. Address: Dept. of Marine Sciences University of Georgia Athens, Georgia 30602-3636 Country: USA Email: sheldon@uga.edu 3. Copyright Restrictions: not copyrighted 4. Restrictions: All publications based on this data set must cite the contributor and Georgia Coastal Ecosystems LTER project, and two copies of the manuscript must be submitted to the GCE-LTER Information Management Office. a. Release Date: Affiliates: Jan 01, 2005, Public: Jan 01, 2007 b. Citation: Data provided by the Georgia Coastal Ecosystems Long Term Ecological Research Project, supported by funds from NSF OCE 9982133 (data set CHM-GCEM-0501) c. Disclaimer: The user assumes all responsibility for errors in judgement based on interpretation of data and analyses presented in this data set. 5. Costs: free electronic data download via WWW, distribution on CD may be subject to nominal processing and handling fee IV. Data Structural Descriptors A. Data Set File 1. File Name: CHM-GCEM-0501_2_0.CSV 2. Size: 509 records 3. File Format: ASCII text (comma-separated value format) 3a. Delimiters: single comma 4. Header Information: 5 lines of ASCII text 5. Alphanumeric Attributes: 6. Quality Control Flag Codes: 7. Authentication Procedures: 8. Calculations: 9. Processing History: Software version: GCE Data Toolbox Version 3.9.2 (01-Dec-2014) Data structure version: GCE Data Structure 1.1 (29-Mar-2001) Original data file processed: CHM_GCEM_0501.txt (509 records) Data processing history: 05-Feb-2015: new GCE Data Structure 1.1 created ('newstruct') 05-Feb-2015: 509 rows imported from ASCII data file 'CHM_GCEM_0501.txt' ('imp_ascii') 05-Feb-2015: 12 metadata fields in file header parsed ('parse_header') 05-Feb-2015: data structure validated ('gce_valid') 05-Feb-2015: automatically assigned study date metadata descriptors based on the range of date values in date/time columns (add_studydates) 05-Feb-2015: imported Dataset, Project, Site, Study, Status, Supplement metadata descriptors from the GCE Metabase ('imp_gcemetadata') 05-Feb-2015: updated 56 metadata fields in the Dataset, Project, Site, Status, Study, Supplement sections ('addmeta') 05-Feb-2015: edited structure data ('ui_datagrid'): changed 'Longitude' row 388 from 31.399447 to 81.399447 05-Feb-2015: Q/C flagging criteria applied, 'flags' field updated ('dataflag') 05-Feb-2015: 305 values in 'Longitude' were updated with new values ('update_data') 05-Feb-2015: Q/C flagging criteria applied for column(s) Longitude, 'flags' field updated ('dataflag') 05-Feb-2015: Name of column Salinity_home changed to Salinity_Lab; Name of column pH_home changed to pH_La ('ui_editor') 05-Feb-2015: converted dates in column(s) Date to format mm/dd/yyyy 05-Feb-2015: manually edited data set metadata ('ui_editmetadata') 05-Feb-2015: Descriptions of columns Location, Latitude, Longitude and pH_Lab edited; Name of column Location changed to Station; Name of column Salinity_field changed to Salinity_Field; Name of column pH_field changed to pH_Field; Name of column DIC changed to DIC_Conc;Units of column Date changed from 'mm/dd/yyyy' to 'MM/DD/YYYY'; Units of column Time changed from 'HH:MM' to 'hh:mm';Variable Type of column Station changed from 'text' to 'nominal'; Variable Type of column Layer changed from 'text' to 'code ('ui_editor') 05-Feb-2015: copied/reordered columns Sampling_Area, Station, Date, Time, Salinity_Field, Salinity_Lab, Temperature, Water_Depth, Layer, Latitude, Longitude, pH_Field, pH_Lab, DIC_Conc, Alkalinity, GCE_Area, Research_Vessel and Notes ('copycols') 05-Feb-2015: added geographic metadata based on matching values in column Station to location and station names registered in 'geo_locations.mat' ('add_sitemetadata') 05-Feb-2015: updated 8 metadata fields in the Site sections ('addmeta') 05-Feb-2015: imported Dataset, Project, Site, Study, Status, Supplement metadata descriptors from the GCE Metabase ('imp_gcemetadata') 05-Feb-2015: updated 56 metadata fields in the Dataset, Project, Site, Status, Study, Supplement sections ('addmeta') 05-Feb-2015: imported Dataset, Project, Site, Study, Status, Supplement metadata descriptors from the GCE Metabase ('imp_gcemetadata') 05-Feb-2015: updated 56 metadata fields in the Dataset, Project, Site, Status, Study, Supplement sections ('addmeta') 05-Feb-2015: imported Dataset, Project, Site, Study, Status, Supplement metadata descriptors from the GCE Metabase ('imp_gcemetadata') 05-Feb-2015: updated 56 metadata fields in the Dataset, Project, Site, Status, Study, Supplement sections ('addmeta') 05-Feb-2015: imported Dataset, Project, Site, Study, Status, Supplement metadata descriptors from the GCE Metabase ('imp_gcemetadata') 05-Feb-2015: updated 56 metadata fields in the Dataset, Project, Site, Status, Study, Supplement sections ('addmeta') 05-Feb-2015: updated 6 metadata fields in the Data sections ('addmeta') 05-Feb-2015: updated 15 metadata fields in the Status, Data sections to reflect attribute metadata ('updatecols') 05-Feb-2015: parsed and formatted metadata ('listmeta') B. Variable Information 1. Variable Name: column 1. Sampling_Area column 2. Station column 3. Date column 4. Time column 5. Salinity_Field column 6. Salinity_Lab column 7. Temperature column 8. Water_Depth column 9. Layer column 10. Latitude column 11. Longitude column 12. pH_Field column 13. pH_Lab column 14. DIC_Conc column 15. Alkalinity column 16. GCE_Area column 17. Research_Vessel column 18. Notes 2. Variable Definition: column 1. Area (e.g. GCE 01 LW) or Transect (e.g. Altamaha River LW) where sample was taken column 2. GCE LTER CTD monitoring cruise station identifier column 3. Date of sample collection column 4. Time of sample collection column 5. Water salinity as recorded in field column 6. Water salinity as recorded in lab column 7. Water temperature column 8. Total water depth at station column 9. Water layer from which sample was taken column 10. Geographic latitude of sampling location column 11. Geograhic longitude of sampling location column 12. pH of water sample as recorded in field column 13. pH of water as measured in the laboratory column 14. Dissolved Inorganic Carbon column 15. Total Alkalinity column 16. GCE LTER study area where sample was taken (where applicable) column 17. Research Vessel from which sample was taken column 18. Notes 3. Units of Measurement: column 1. none column 2. none column 3. MM/DD/YYYY column 4. hh:mm column 5. PSU column 6. PSU column 7. C column 8. m column 9. none column 10. degrees column 11. degrees column 12. none column 13. none column 14. um/L column 15. um/L column 16. none column 17. none column 18. none 4. Data Type a. Storage Type: column 1. string column 2. string column 3. string column 4. string column 5. floating-point column 6. floating-point column 7. floating-point column 8. floating-point column 9. string column 10. floating-point column 11. floating-point column 12. floating-point column 13. floating-point column 14. floating-point column 15. floating-point column 16. string column 17. string column 18. string b. Variable Codes: Layer: Bottom = bottom of the water column, Niskin = Niskin bottle mid-water sample, Pump = shipboard pump sample, Surface = surface of the water column c. Numeric Range: column 1. (none) column 2. (none) column 3. (none) column 4. (none) column 5. 0 to 35.728 column 6. 0 to 35.6 column 7. 12.2 to 30.3 column 8. 2.1 to 47.4 column 9. (none) column 10. 31.1386 to 31.5478 column 11. -81.4755 to -80.0553 column 12. 6.46 to 8.1999 column 13. 5.8094 to 8.0569 column 14. 294.512 to 2787.4322 column 15. 0.9765 to 2713.9 column 16. (none) column 17. (none) column 18. (none) d. Missing Value Code: 5. Data Format a. Column Type: column 1. text column 2. text column 3. text column 4. text column 5. numerical column 6. numerical column 7. numerical column 8. numerical column 9. text column 10. numerical column 11. numerical column 12. numerical column 13. numerical column 14. numerical column 15. numerical column 16. text column 17. text column 18. text b. Number of Columns: 18 c. Decimal Places: column 1. 0 column 2. 0 column 3. 0 column 4. 0 column 5. 3 column 6. 1 column 7. 3 column 8. 1 column 9. 0 column 10. 6 column 11. 6 column 12. 3 column 13. 3 column 14. 1 column 15. 1 column 16. 0 column 17. 0 column 18. 0 6. Logical Variable Type: column 1. free text (none) column 2. nominal (none) column 3. datetime (none) column 4. datetime (none) column 5. data (continuous) column 6. data (continuous) column 7. data (continuous) column 8. data (continuous) column 9. coded value (none) column 10. geographic coordinate (continuous) column 11. geographic coordinate (continuous) column 12. data (continuous) column 13. data (continuous) column 14. data (continuous) column 15. data (continuous) column 16. free text (none) column 17. free text (none) column 18. free text (none) 7. Flagging Criteria: column 1. none column 2. none column 3. none column 4. none column 5. none column 6. none column 7. none column 8. none column 9. none column 10. none column 11. none column 12. none column 13. none column 14. none column 15. none column 16. none column 17. none column 18. none C. Data Anomalies: V. Supplemental Descriptors A. Data Acquisition 1. Data Forms: 2. Form Location: 3. Data Entry Validation: B. Quality Assurance/Quality Control Procedures: C. Supplemental Materials: D. Computer Programs: E. Archival Practices: F. Publications: not specified G. History of Data Set Usage 1. Data Request History: not specified 2. Data Set Update History: none 3. Review History: none 4. Questions and Comments from Users: none